Report on the visit to the Ploiesti penitentiary
1. On June 19-th, 2002, two representatives of APADOR-CH visited the Ploiesti penitentiary. The previous visit was on February 8th, 2001.
APADOR-CH mentions from the very beginning that the essential problem of this penitentiary is overcrowd, comparable only with Jilava and Bacau.
The situation is so serious that it can any time burst into a serious conflict among the detainees or between them and the penitentiary officers. The association asks the GDP to urgently take measures for transferring some detainees - first of all those who are "not visited" or whose families do not live in the area - to less crowded penitentiaries.
2. Background
The status of a "custody house" attributed to the Ploiesti penitentiary means having here only people in pre-trial custody who, once having a final conviction, will be transferred - for the term in prison - to other penitentiaries in the country. The GDP has probably had in view to reduce the overcrowd in the Jilava penitentiary. Unfortunately, the result is exactly the opposite: Jilava remains one of the most overcrowded penitentiaries in the country and Ploiesti has now twice as many detainees as its capacity.
On the previous visit of February 2001, the Ploiesti penitentiary was about to finalize the taking over of a decommissioned military garrison of Teleajen where about one hundred detainees were to be transferred in semi-open regime. The garrison was arranged (90 detention places) but not in semi-open regime. Apparently, the experiment of this type of detention has been given up for the time being. Or, more correctly said, the selection conditions have become so tough (only detainees at their first offence, convicted for offences that do not represent a serious social danger, who have only several months to serve until release, and obviously have an impeccable conduct) that the penitentiary management does not have "candidates". This situation is the outcome of a small number of escapes, especially from the outside work places, where the detainees work without "any guard" (in reality with guard) or in semi-open regime.
The APADOR-CH representatives have permanently upheld that the few cases of escape (or attempted escapes) should not automatically lead to toughening the detention regime for all the detainees and to putting an end to the initiatives/experiments in bringing them closer to the international standards. At the same time, the association repeatedly expressed its opinion that in case "events" take place (including escapes) in penitentiaries, the sanctions applied to the officers - if this is the case - should have in view only the individual responsibility for it and not the entire military hierarchy of a penitentiary, from supervisor to commander/director. This excessive punitive system deters not only the local initiatives but also the application of some measures established by the GDP, if they involve some risks.
2.1. Number of detainees
The penitentiary capacity is of 574 places (including the Teleajen unit). The number of installed beds is 760 and the total number of detainees is 1136 (as compared to 864, in February 2001). Overcrowd is a general characteristic of the penitentiary but in the room for the underage, for young people, and for detainees on repeated offence it is unbearable; here the average is two-three detainees in a bed.
Of the total of 1136, 493 detainees were in pre-trial custody, 609 had final convictions (but, the majority of these - including a detainee with a life sentence - were on trial in Ploiesti) and 34 were convicted for petty offences. The penitentiary management admitted that, having in view this overcrowd, there can be no separation of those in pre-trial custody from the detainees with final convictions. Considering that the nearest penitentiaries - Margineni, Rahova, Jilava – are overcrowded, too, the only possibility -for the future- would be that, until the modification of the criminal law, the GDP should try and take over in the area other de-commissioned garrisons of the Ministry of National Defense (as was the case of the one in Teleajen).
APADOR-CH continues to uphold that the persons who committed offences (petty offences that do not pose a social danger) should not get sentences with imprisonment (regardless whether it is a direct conviction by the court or the transformation of a fine that was not paid into a conviction of serving a term in prison), especially in conditions of overcrowd. On the one hand, the state spends money for upkeeping the offenders, on the other hand, it increases overcrowd (the offenders, no matter how small in number, must - or should - be kept separately from the other detainees). It would be desirable that community work - the legal alternative solution for the offenders - should become the rule for the courts whereas the city halls, that should coordinate and supervise the services performed by the offenders, should observe and apply the court decisions. At present, the city halls can refuse performance of services by the offenders, and the consequence is that they are sent to prison. (See the case of Mihai Iorga of the commune of Calugareni, Prahova, who died in March 2002 in pre-trial at the Prahova County Police Inspectorate where he had been taken to serve a term in prison for a petty offence following the refusal of the local city hall to allow him to do community work).
Of the 1136 detainees, 57 were underage and 118 young (18-21 years of age). The penitentiary does not receive women detainees.
Out of the total of 186 officers, about 120 work in the operative units but the number of supervisors is low, so that the ratio is about one to 15 (and even more than 15) detainees.
2.2. The labour agreements for the detainees
On the visit day, 192 detainees were out for work. For the time being, the penitentiary has only two labour long term agreements (with SALUB, a private company that is doing town cleaning and with SC Lucifer, for 40 detainees that are to build a platform for the stationing of the trucks that carry oil from the Brazi refinery). A contract is about to be signed for some sites of CFR (The Romanian Railway Company), for an extension of the railway line. APADOR-CH appreciates the fact that the GDP gave more freedom to the penitentiary management for signing the labour agreements, allowing for reductions bellow the minimum salary in economy. The association believes that, as long as there is a high unemployment rate in some areas, high taxes that the beneficiaries should pay (35% of the salary of every detainee), overcrowd and the lack of activities in the penitentiaries, it is preferable that the detainees go out to work (practically, to get out of the suffocating rooms) even at a lower salary; the more so as they get only 10% of the envisaged amount but have the advantage of some "days earned" (that is, number of days deducted from the term in prison). As far as this aspect is concerned, the association requires the GDP to re-examine the way the "days earned" are calculated." Currently, a detainee can benefit from a reduction in his/her term in prison of 3 up to maximum 7 days/month (rarely 8 days) but only if he/she fulfils the plan 105%. The problem is that, according to the demand, a detainee is taken out to work two-three weeks in a month and another two-three weeks in the following month, he/she cannot fulfill this plan (the number of hours of work in a month is related to the national benchmark of about 25.5 working days/month – valid for everybody who works on a labour agreement in Romania). The association suggests to the GDP that, in case of the seasonal or occasional work, the "days earned" should be calculated as a cumulative number of hours worked for longer periods, of three months, for example.
APADOR-CH has understood that the Ploiesti penitentiary gave up the punishments given to the detainees who refuse to go out for work. This is not the initial refusal before the commission (after the period of quarantine) which is not punished anyway but the possible subsequent refusal of a detainee fit for work. The association representatives hope that giving up the punishment of detainees who refuse to go out for work, in the conditions in which no penitentiary can secure jobs for all the detainees fit for work, is a measure generally valid for the whole system.
2.3. Punishments for the breach of the internal rules
On the visit day no detainee was in restrictive regime. Out of the two detainees sent to solitary, one had already finished it that very day. Both admitted that they were wrong and that had gone through all the procedures established in cases of breaches of the internal regulation.
APADOR-CH has however found - just as in other penitentiaries - that the interpretation of the notion of "separation from the group", formulated without any sort of specification, in the order issued by the GDP on the application of the punishments for breach of the internal regulation is debatable. The association considers that the normal and logical interpretation of this notion is separation from the collective (room) where the detainee caused trouble and not from all the detainees. The Ploiesti penitentiary management interprets "separation from the collective" in the sense of immediately putting the detainee in solitary. As the disciplinary commission meets once a week, it means that the detainee can wait in solitary 5-6 days until the punishment is decided upon. The period of waiting is not deducted from the sanction given by the commission. Even if until the punishment is decided the detainee has a right to his belongings and to mattress and sheets (the personal belongings are taken when the sanction is established and the mattress and the sheets are taken from the room at 6:00 till 22:00), this person is however in solitary, separate from the rest of the detainees. This is the case of detainee Nicolae Bavari, 22 years of age, convicted to 2 and a half years of term in prison for attempted murder, who had been taken to the solitary on June 7-th this year. The detainee admitted that he had "pricked" a roommate with the sharpened spoon handle. The commission met after 3-4 days and decided on 10 days of solitary, that is, until June 22nd. Consequently, the detainee is in isolation totally 15 days, 5 days more than the sanction applied by the commission.
APADOR-CH asks the GDP to clarify the problem of "the separation from the collective" and proposes the following variants:
Another problem about punishment with solitary is interdiction to receive newspapers and books. APADOR-CH agrees that the sanction should be perceived by the detainee as a real punishment, in the sense of toughening the detention regime: impossibility to communicate with others, with the exception of the potential mate in the solitary, to watch TV or to listen to the radio, go out separately from the other detainees, the possible visits or a parcel only with the approval of the management etc. However, the interdiction to read is excessive, similarly excessive are also the taking of the mattresses and sheets during the day and taking them out with cuffs at hands. The association asks the GDP to eliminate these exaggerated interdictions that are included in the Order of the Ministry of Justice nr.778/C of 24.03.2000. The punishment with solitary entails a risk for the physical and psychic health of the detainee, a risk confirmed by the obligation of the doctor to examine the detainee both when being put in isolation and during the whole period of solitary. The additional restrictions mentioned above increase this risk in a useless and dangerous way.
According to what the penitentiary said, no chains have been used since the previous visit of February 2001 (when the association representatives found two detainees in chains) until June 2002. The discussions with the detainees also showed that chains have not been used since then. In spite of all this, APADOR-CH asks again the GDP to cancel the order of 2000 under which it is allowed to use chains after having been banned in 1992. There should not be the slightest possibility of using this instrument of immobilization, forbidden by all the international standards.
2.4. Connection with the outside
Just like in the prior visit, the association representatives found that the unlisted officer hears everything that the detainees speak over the phone. There are three public phones, all located in a narrow corridor. Unlike the previous year, the phones had bars and locks "so that no detainee should sneak there " and make a phone call without an approval! The association insists that the use of public phones by the detainees should be restricted only in point of number of requests as compared to the number of phones available. The association believes that public phones should be moved inside the accommodation space (currently in almost all the penitentiaries they are installed inside the visits ward), for instance, for the beginning, at the ground floor of each unit and afterwards, to the extent possible, a public phone at every floor. In this way. the formalities will also be simplified, the supervisor's work would be eased and the detainees could exercise in a more efficient way this right, included in the Constitution in the category "correspondence”.
APADOR-CH has also found that the initiative of simplifying the approvals for phone calls (tables instead of individual requests), praised last year is about to be given up, coming back to the cumbersome method of personal requests. The association asks again the GDP to take measures for simplifying the procedure and for giving up the odd idea that access to public phone is a privilege and not a constitutional right.
3. The visit in the penitentiary
3.1. The food ward
The hygiene-sanitary conditions are good, just like last year. The day menu was:
The amount of meat cooked on the visit day was 6.3-kg pork (only for diet) and 50 kg of lard. The quality of the food was obviously lower as compared to February 2001. The absence of meat in the menu (in the previous night the detainees had spinach without meat), vegetable soup, practically a diluted soup with some vegetables, the lard in the morning and at launch was not enough to meet the compulsory standards for nourishment. It was not clear for the association representatives what the "enriched" menu for the underage consisted of, as they received the same food as the adults, minus the lard in the morning and plus milk in the evening. In addition, there were 6 Turkish detainees in the penitentiary for whom they cooked 0.7 kg of beef but when the rest of the food was ready to be distributed (about 12:20)and the food ward locked, and it was not known yet what the Turkish prisoners would be served together with the meat.
3.2. Medical assistance
The penitentiary has two general practitioners and 6 nurses (one of them in the pharmacy). The biggest problem is dentistry. As compared to February 2001, the penitentiary management succeeded to arrange a dentistry ward with the equipment in it, with a dentist ready any time to start work but the ward is not operational because it does not have the necessary small instruments, worth about 100 million ROL. Very many detainees have problems of dentistry which cannot really be solved in absence of a dentistry in the penitentiary, as there is no money for paying for dentistry services in town (all the dentistries are private). There is also the solution of taking the detainees who have dentistry problems to another penitentiary that has dentistry but obviously this would entail administrative-financial complications. APADOR-CH asks the GDP to urgently allocate the amount of money necessary to the Ploiesti penitentiary for buying the necessary instruments. The inadmissible delay in solving this issue had and still has very serious consequences on the health condition and morale of the detainees in this penitentiary.
The medical ward has allocated two hours a day for the officers of the penitentiary. The association asks again the GDP that the doctors deal exclusively with the detainees and the officers to come to the medical ward only for emergencies. In addition, only one of the two general practitioners of the Ploiesti penitentiary is dealing daily with the detainees, the other one being involved in various actions, naturally linked to the job, but which actually reduce the time devoted to consultations.
The number of consultations given to detainees is about 35 a day on an average (the average also includes the non-working days) but there are days when a hundred detainees come to the medical ward. The most frequent diseases are digestive and respiratory, and obviously the chronic diseases.
The infirmary has three rooms. In room 30 -chronic diseases - there were 6 patients in 4 beds. A month before there were 8 detainees in that room of 7-8 square meters. The patients are taken out daily (including on Saturdays and Sundays) for about an hour, but the yard for exercise is just a space with concrete, surrounded by bars, without any trace of shade. Out of the 6 patients two are suffering from cardiac diseases and one of asthma. Taking them out, especially in summer, is not at all a joy for them. Unfortunately, there is no trace of shade even in the second yard for exercise. The only solution would be that, in the period with high temperatures the patients should go out only early in the morning or in the evening. Room 30 has no TV. The detainees do not have the possibility of bringing a TV from home, but the penitentiary does not have any TV sets available. The lavatory is a booth with a standing water toilet and showerhead and there is a sink in the room.
3.3. Social and educational activities
The department has doubled the staff as compared to last year, it now has 4 educators (three legal advisors and a psychologist). The detainees (with the exception of those in the infirmary and of those who work) were divided in 21 groups involved in programs such as “educolex” (legal training), “educosport” (practically, "Swedish" gymnastics) and "citizen-state-society" (civic education). Undoubtedly, the program that arouses mostly a real interest among the detainees is the one on "sanitary education" (including or especially sexual education). This is a program applied jointly by the social-educational department and the medical ward and the phase of counter-productive reluctance that still characterizes this type of discussions seems to be left behind.
Coming back to the other programs and to the splitting the detainees into groups, the association representatives found it unclear how many detainees are included in those activities and with what frequency. 21 groups of 12-15 detainees mean a maximum of 315, plus 25 at the infirmary and about 200 who work, in total 540 detainees. And what happens with the remaining ones up to 1100? As regards the frequency of actions, the detainees of room 3 said they had not been to the club for about three months. The social and cultural department upheld that 15 detainees of room 3 went to the club twice a month. The club is quite big and when the APADOR-CH representatives entered the club, at the end of the visit, about 5 detainees were working out as part of the program "educosport".
The only non-governmental organization that is still present in the penitentiary is SUP (The Humanitarian Service for Penitentiaries) that is dealing with religious education.
The penitentiary has subscriptions to three central dailies and to local publications, in total 30 copies daily, approximately a copy for every room.
3.4. The detention rooms
In room 19 (for underage) there were 49 detainees and 24 beds. Another 8 underage (in quarantine) were to be added to the 49 in the following days. The unbearable overcrowd has generated a conflict between two underage, appeased, fortunately in time. On the evening of June 13-th, two underage had a quarrel because one of them had broken the other's jug. The officer on duty entered the room accompanied by two or three unlisted officers, aligned them and took the detainee out on the corridor, leaving the door open. When they saw him hitting the detainee with the batons, the underage started to scream, signaling also to the detainees in the adjoined rooms. Two underage cut themselves with the razor blades in an attempt to put an end to the violence done to their mate. The intervention team was ready to step in but it was not the case, the conflict being solved by the penitentiary management that came immediately there. The version upheld by the officers (the two underage that cut themselves with the razor blade during the incident had actually mutilated themselves before and without any connection with the brutal intervention of the officer on duty) is not credible because of the following reasons: first, a detainee who mutilates him/herself asks for something, makes a scandal in order to draw the attention of the supervisors. The two underage did nothing of the kind; secondly, the scandal caused by the breaking of the jug was around 20:00. If the underage had cut themselves before the incident, how come that the supervisors did not know anything about it until when they entered the room? The cases of self-mutilation are immediately signaled and the respective detainees are urgently taken to the medical ward.
None of the underage was punished and the association representatives hope there will be no punishment. However, the officer on duty who had that brutal intervention should be sanctioned and anyway moved from the unit where the underage are.
The consequence of the incident of June 13-th : two adult detainees were moved in the room of the underage ("at their request", the commander said), one as head of the room and the other as his deputy. This is the first penitentiary visited by APADOR-CH where there is, in all rooms - a head of the room and a deputy. In other words, instead of giving up this system, not in the least recommendable because it gives powers to some detainees over the others, it is actually strengthened.
The penitentiary management is trying to ease as much as possible the situation caused by overcrowds. Thus, the underage are taken out in the yard for half an hour in the morning and for an hour and a half in the afternoon, every day, from Monday to Friday, they get milk every evening and go to the club every week. On the very day of the APADOR-CH visit, the underage attended a lecture in the club on sexual education and although they did not have the courage to ask questions, they showed interest in the topic.
The underage have a TV in their room, they can watch programs from 10.00 to 22.00 hours, with a half-hour break at noon (on the visit day the TV was out of order).
Those who came from the Tichilesti education center believe that food is better in Ploiesti. Two underage transferred from Margineni believe the food was better there.
The lavatory is identical to that in the infirmary, only that the patients have hot water, which is not the case in the rest of the penitentiary.
In room 14 (youngsters between 18-21 years) there were 50 detainees in 24 beds. The room was in quarantine because on Thursday, June 13-th, exactly on the day of the incident in the room of the underage, a case of scarlet fever was identified (Ionut Stan). Apparently, this was a mere coincidence. But, as some of the detainees in this room were brothers or cousins of the underage, setting the quarantine produced some agitation.
The youngsters are taken out about 45 minutes - an hour a day, not on Saturdays and Sundays. For some days they did not have a TV in the room but one of the detainees already received approval to get a TV from home.
The penitentiary gives them shaving cream, toilet paper, soap and detergent (but not tooth paste!). The mattresses are very deteriorated.
The most serious health problem of the youth is with their teeth. Very many of them complained about aches and successive not treated infections. "We are bad with our teeth," one of the detainees said.
The youngsters would like to have fitness equipment in the yard, just like in other penitentiaries. They would like to be taken out together with the underage, as it happened until the incident of June 13-th.
A good thing is that they are allowed to wear the clothes from home but they have to sew a distinctive sign, a braid at the pants.
The lavatory is identical with the one at the underage, only that there are two sinks in the room (one was out of order on the visit day).
In room 3 (those with repeated offences) there were 60 detainees in 24 beds. About 10-15 detainees sleep on the floor, the others, and two in a bed. Overcrowd is obviously the main reason of discontent, to which the lack of activities is added. The detainees are taken out in the yard 4 days a week, for 10, 20, maximum 30 days, and for the rest they stay in that suffocating room and watch TV, according to a schedule that is shorter than the one for underage (10.00-12.00 and 15.00-22.00 hours). As mentioned in the sub-chapter "social-educational activities", they complained that they had not been to the club for about 3 months. According to the social -educational department, 15 detainees in this room are taken to the club twice a month. It comes out that the groups organized by the department do not include all the detainees who do not go out for work, as the educators upheld. APADOR-CH understands the difficulties created by overcrowd and suggests that the daily compulsory program, with fixed hours for the smallest "activity" (for instance, washing oneself) should be more flexible, especially in the hot season, and to allocate more time for social-educational activities. Similarly, it is necessary that -regardless of the season - on the days when the detainees are taken to the medical ward or to the bath, or do the cleaning in the room, other activities should also take place (at least the exercise).
Some detainees complained that they wanted to go to the medical ward and that they waited for one-two weeks to be taken there, to the doctor. Others said that the doctor or the nurses only had a look at them and sent them back without examining them. The association representatives draw again attention on the risk of labeling some detainees as "simulators" or to decide, from the very beginning, that a detainee who asked to be taken to the medical ward did it without any reason, “just to get out of the room". Any of these detainees might have a real problem of health that risks to be ignored. According to the knowledge of the association, an order of the GDP is still in force under which the detainees who asked to go to the doctor in an unjustified way can be punished. If the order still exists, APADOR-CH asks the GDP to cancel it.
The detainees complained that, in spite of the cleaning, they have louses and the mattresses and the sheets are very deteriorated.
Most of the detainees want to watch the TV programs after 22:00 hours, as they already "sleep in shifts" and during the day they do not have any activity that consumes their energy. The association asks the penitentiary management to contemplate extending the program (by at least one hour) to all the rooms with detainees that do not go out for work.
Detainee Robert Gheorghe Coman said that he had kidney problems and repeatedly asked, without any success, to be put to the necessary tests. At the medical ward the APADOR-CH representatives found that he had already filed an application for release on grounds of illness and that on Friday, June 21-st, he was to be taken to the hospital (including at the urology ward) for a series of tests required by the medical-forensic section. The issue of communication with the detainees was raised again because Robert Gheorghe Coman did not know that he had been scheduled for tests. The association representatives were surprised to hear that if order came to bring the detainee to the hospital the officers would do this, running the risk of not finding the respective doctors as it happened before. It would be normal that, before carrying the detainees to the hospital the officers should check, by a mere phone call, if the doctors are there or not.
Paul Pleisanu is psychically ill. His only desire is to stay more outside in the air. Emilian Braina said he had problems with the liver and ….(his belly is abnormally swollen) but that the penitentiary doctor who examined him a week ago did not tell him anything and did not give him any treatment.
Detainee Iulian Dinu has a problem of a slightly different nature. His two sons– Robert and Catalin – are also in the Ploiesti penitentiary, whereas their mother Mieluta Mioara is a detainee in Tirgsor. As for several years the "penal" visits (among detainees) were forbidden, the mother has not seen her sons for quite a while. The deputy commander found a solution which, if approved by the GDP, will allow the mother to meet her two sons.
3.5. The bathroom
There is only one bathroom for the whole penitentiary. Equipped with 15 showerheads (without grates) the bathroom is used every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. The detainees go to the bathroom according to their rooms and have 10-20 minutes for the shower. There are no wooden grates (apparently the detainees asked to be taken out as they were slippery) so that their feet are directly on the stone floor. It should be mentioned that the sanitary equipment would allow supply of daily hot water, in all the rooms, which is impossible, the officers say, because of the price of the methane gas.
3.6. The visits ward
The visit ward consists of three desks, a booth for "the dangerous" and three tables with three chairs. About 10 detainees and as many visitors were crowded in the two chambers. A separate space is used for receiving the parcels and sorting the mail received and sent. Another room of about 6 square meters is destined to discussions between the lawyers and their clients. As at the previous visit, the APADOR-CH representatives found another three chairs, besides the table and the two chairs destined to the lawyers and the client. For who? Who else took part in the confidential discussions between the lawyer and the client? Even if the chairs are used only for the case when a lawyer has several clients - as a lawyer who was there accidentally said - this is still not OK. The discussions should be held separately with every member of the group. Even less acceptable was the explanation of the officers: the extra chairs are for the …. representatives of the police an/or prosecutor, because all the discussions between the investigators and the detainees require the presence of the lawyer! As it is hard to believe that the investigations are carried out in that tiny room, the association representatives ask for the three chairs in the room to be removed and to bring them in only if required by the lawyers or their clients.
Also like back in February 2001, there is a room in the visits ward with a plaque that says "Mother and child" that are not destined, as one might think, to mothers and children who visit the detainees. That room is the office of an employee of the penitentiary. The association representatives have nothing against the use of the spaces as the penitentiary administration think fit but they ask for that plaque to be removed because it might bring misunderstanding to the visitors.
Conclusions:
- administratively, some improvements are noticed as compared to the previous visit: the arrangement of the dentistry, the employment of another two educators, arrangement of a second space for exercise. Unfortunately, the concrete results have been diminished by overcrowd (as compared to February 2001, the number of detainees has increased by over 25%);
- APADOR-CH believes that the initiative of the social-cultural department to split the detainees into groups of 12-15 and by programs is welcome. But it is clear that not all the detainees who do not work can be included -other than on paper - in concrete activities. The association representatives require the penitentiary management to relax the strict program of the daily common activities a bit (wake up, washing, exercise etc all having fix hours and minutes) and to the extent possible to extend the social-cultural activities, at least until solving -even partially- the problem of overcrowd;
- The association asks the penitentiary management to explore the possibility of installing some fitness devices in one of the yards and to allow the underage and young detainees to go out together, as it happened until the June 13-th event, as they said themselves. Similarly, to analyze the detainees' requirement who do not go out for work to watch TV after 22:00 hours;
- The association asks the penitentiary management to make all possible efforts to improve the situation of the daily exercise, especially for the detainees in the rooms that are most overcrowded;
- APADOR-CH asks the GDP to take urgent measures for solving the problem of overcrowd in the Ploiesti penitentiary. A suggestion would be to transfer the detainees who are not visited or whose families do not live in the area, to the penitentiaries less crowded;
- The association asks the GDP to allot urgently to the Ploiesti penitentiary the amounts necessary to buy the equipment without which the dentistry is not operational.
Manuela Stefanescu
Valerian Stan